[转载]中国生物多样性观测状况调查问卷

全国生物多样性观测状况调查问卷

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相关高等院校、科研院所、自然保护区管理机构、社会组织：

生物多样性观测是在一定时期和区域内对生物多样性的重复测量。它通过获取生态系统的格局与质量、物种组成与分布以及环境要素等方面的数据，阐明生物多样性的变化趋势，揭示自然或人为引起的环境变化所产生的效应。生物多样性观测是客观了解生物多样性变化，评估管理成效，协助制定保护政策的基础工作和重要手段。我国政府高度重视生物多样性观测工作。2010年，由国务院审议通过的《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划》（2011-2030年）规定了全国生物多样性观测网络建设的目标与任务。为促进我国相关单位和专家的参与，共同推动生物多样性观测工作，制定本调查问卷。调查对象为具有生物多样性调查、监测工作基础和参与意愿的高等院校、科研院所、自然保护区管理机构、有关社会组织的专家及研究团队，问卷回答采取实名方式。请您根据实际情况，如实客观地填写问卷。

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环境保护部南京环境科学研究所

二〇一六年一月

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关于“全国生物多样性观测状况”的调查问卷

姓   名
年   龄
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您及您的团队是否参与过或正在参与生物多样性相关的调查、监测项目？如有，请您列出项目类型及项目名称
您的团队拥有的观测资源（如常规调查观测设备的台数，观鸟望远镜的架数、红外相机的台数、马来氏网数量、气象站的台数等）
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您在哪些年份和时间段开展过多样性观测？
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您是否有兴趣参与全国生物多样性观测工作？意向参与观测的类群？

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请将填写后的表格发送到以下邮箱：

马方舟：

Email：mfz@nies.org和fangzhouma@163.com

Tel.: 025-85287229，18551836973

A Recent Progress on DNA Taxonomy – Heuristic optimization for global species clustering of DNA sequence data from multiple loci

A Recent Progress on DNA Taxonomy – Heuristic optimization for global species clustering of DNA sequence data from multiple loci

2013-08-09, from Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Clustering molecular sequences based on the level of similarity can give information on the number and diversity of species, and is a very commonly used approach for assessing species level diversity in many taxonomic groups. The number of available multi-gene datasets is growing rapidly, although the literature is currently dominated with single gene analyses, with remarkably little discussion of integrated species clustering using multi-locus dataset. Dr Douglas Chesters finished his 2-year postdoc in Prof. Chao-Dong ZHU’s lab (zhucd@ioz.ac.cn) and got a position as the assistant professor on molecular systematics in the same lab at the Key Laboratory of Systematics and Evolution (CAS), Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He collaborated with colleagues in the same and other institutions, reporting a new heuristic approach for clustering multi-gene sequence data at the species level. The approach uses standard species clusters at each gene under study, but these are then combined in a novel way, which looks for parameters producing the best set of combined species entities during a search procedure. The authors use a number of test datasets, including a newly sequenced 3-gene dataset of bee specimens collected from an apple orchard in Beijing. Figure 1 shows an example, with the results for the clustering of three genes and 250 bee specimens, with the method estimating 70 species units, and giving automated taxonomic labels in some cases. The authors demonstrate the usefulness of the approach for estimating species diversity of medium to large multi-gene datasets, although finding high disagreements between the species hypotheses formed particularly at the 28S gene. The study should become quite relevant as surveys of species diversity switch to multi-gene methods. The paper has been accepted and on-line by Methods in Ecology and Evolution (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/2041-210X.12104/abstract). A novel approach to speciesclustering of multi-gene datasets applied to sequence data from Beijing bees. Each pie chart gives a single species unit, with the size proportional to the number of sequences comprising the species unit. They are colored according to genes represented, where blue segments = CytB, white = COI, red= 28S. The results suggest 70 species units in total. Dr. Douglas Chesters (dchesters@ioz.ac.cn) provided the summary of this coming paper

The origin and state evolution of body scales in Collembola (Arthropoda)

The origin and state evolution of body scales in Collembola (Arthropoda)

2013-10-09, from Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Scientists have always been interested in the evolution of morphological character states. For example, wings were lost in some insects (louses, fleas etc.) during history, but occurred again after millions of years of adaptation. Fossils can provide powerful evidence for understanding this evolution; however, the fossil record is not always sufficient for us to observe serial evolution of character states. Ancestral character state reconstruction (ACSR), an approach based on phylogenetic theory, could be used to trace the history of character states. Our groups has interests in a wide range of aspects of scales, including morphology, function and origin. Scales are often observed in insects, from the bristletails and silverfish to lepidopterans. As a basal group of Hexapoda, Collembola bears body scales in some groups, where scales were considered to be characters transformed from setae by most entomologists. Morphology of those scales is highly diversified (figure 1), and is of great importance for the taxonomy of Collembola. Collaborating with other colleagues, Dr Feng ZHANG, one of the post-docs in Prof. Chao-Dong ZHU’s group (zhucd@ioz.ac.cn) at the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, explored the origin of scales in Entomobryidae, which has the most abundant scaled genera in Collembola. The molecular phylogeny based on both mitochondrial and nuclear datasets questioned the monophyly of Orchesellinae and Willowsiini, suggesting that scales and other secondary characters during postembryonic development should be re-surveyed in the current system of Entomobryidae (figure 2). Further ancestral character state reconstruction revealed that body scales have evolved independently at least five times, with the loss of scales occurring independently at least twice (figure 3). The idea of bidirectional transformation between scales and setae challenges the traditional opinion. The paper has been published online in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.09.024. Analytical methods and selected topologies of trees may impact the inferences of ACSR. The Parsimony method is the earliest established and most popular approach. Likelihood and Bayesian methods often employ the Mk model. As the modification of the Jukes-Cantor model, the Mk model increases the limit of character state (from 4), and also permits the “absence” of morphological characters. Trees generated from MP, ML and BI methods often have some minor differences in topology. The ACSRs based on these trees may result in differences in the state probabilities of interior nodes. Therefore, it is suggested to take into account these uncertainties, for example by employing posterior distribution of trees (as generated in a Bayesian framework). Figure 2 shows that ACSRs of body scales in Collembola were inferred differently for some nodes from ML and BI (15000 posterior) trees.   Figure 1. Some types of body scales in Collembola, diversified in shape and surface form. Figure 2. Bayesian phylogeny of Entomobryidae. Species with both terga and dental scales are marked with two asterisks. Scaled species without dental scales are marked with an asterisk. Figure 3. Ancestral character state reconstructions of body scales in Entomobryidae. A, ACSR on a ML-tree with proportional likelihoods shown on each node; B, ACSR summarized on a Bayesian consensus tree over 15,000 sampled trees. Each node indicates character states with different colorations and the proportion of the state over all examined trees.

Diversification and vicariance in two species complexes of Tomocerus (Collembola) from China

Diversification and vicariance in two species complexes of Tomocerus (Collembola) from China

 

2014-05-22, from Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

The Qinling-Dabie Mountains-Huai River line/zone has been traditionally regarded as the geographical, climatic, agricultural and demographic boundary between north and south regions in eastern China. Human activities are frequently in eastern China, where the topographical differences are relatively small particularly in eastern plain region. The north-south boundary were considered to have weaker impacts on geographical patterns of fauna than Himalayan Mountains and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in western China. Many animals including birds, mammals, insects etc., have broad distributions, spanning both southern and northern areas in eastern China. In these cases, Qinling-Dabie Mountains-Huai River line/zone seems to play a limited role in driving vicariant speciation in widespread species. However, the wide distribution of Collembola was doubted because of low long distance dispersal capability. Dr. Zhang, one of the previous postdoc in Prof. Chao-Dong ZHU’s research group (zhucd@ioz.ac.cn) at the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, has quite good background on taxonomy and data collection on Collembola in both Nanjing University and Nanjing Agricultural University. Collaborating with researchers from different institutions, he studied the vicariance of springtails resulted by north-south geographical line/zone. Two species, Tomocerus ocreatus and T. nigrus, are widespread in eastern China. They are found to be isolated by the Qinling Mountains-Huai River line. The team recognized 22 DNA-based species based on COI, 16S rRNA and 28S rRNA fragments by using a general mixed Yule coalescent model and a Bayesian multilocus approach. Multiple-locus species delimitation supports the presence of extensive cryptic diversity in both species that are geographically widespread. In addition to genetic differences, we discovered corresponding morphological differences in jumping organs among the major clades. This finding indicates possible the jumping cability might lead to speciation. Analyses of divergence times and historical biogeographical processes revealed that T. ocreatus and nigrus complexes originated in southern and northern China, respectively. We estimated their divergence time at 27.8–44.9 Mya during the Eocene–Oligocene, at the time when the Qinling-Dabie Mountains uplifted and formed the north–south geographical boundary in eastern China. Diversification analyses support the constant-rate in speciation, and suggest that the subsequent orogenesis of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in western China had little impact on divergences within the two species complexes. Both species complexes maintain their geographical patterns from the Paleogene to the present day. Our findings point to a potentially important influence of Qinling-Dabie Mountains-Huai River line/zone on both animal speciation and geographical distribution patterns in eastern China. The study has been published online in Zoologica Scripta (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/zsc.12056/abstract ). This project was supported mainly by the National Science Foundation, China (Grant No. 31101622, J1210002) and partially by the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KSXC2-EW-B-02).

A Protocol for Species Delineation of Public DNA Databases was developed by Chao-Dong ZHU’s lab and published on-line in Systematic Biology

A Protocol for Species Delineation of Public DNA Databases was developed by Chao-Dong ZHU’s lab and published on-line in Systematic Biology

2014-06-16, from Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Public DNA databases are composed of data from many different taxa. However, the taxonomic annotation on sequences is not always complete. This impedes the utilization of mined data for species-level applications. There is much ongoing work on species identification and delineation based on the molecular data itself. Applying species clustering to whole databases requires consolidation of results from numerous undefined gene regions, and introduces significant obstacles in data organization and computational load. When Dr. Douglas was a postdoc in Prof. Chao-Dong Zhu’s lab, and later employed as an assistant professor in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, he developed an approach for species delineation of a sequence database. All DNA sequences for the insects were obtained and processed. After filtration of duplicated data, delineation of the database into species units followed a three-step process. i) the genetic loci L are partitioned, ii) the species S are delineated within each locus, then iii) species units are matched across loci to form the matrix LxS, a set of multi-locus species units. Partitioning the database into a set of homologous gene fragments was achieved by Markov clustering. Then delineation of species units and assignment of species names was performed for the set of genes necessary to capture most of the species diversity. The complexity of computing pairwise similarities for species clustering was substantial at the COI locus. But made feasible through the development of software that performs pairwise alignments within the taxonomic framework, and accounting for the different ranks at which sequences are labeled with taxonomic information. Over 24 different homologs, the unidentified sequences numbered ~194,000, containing 41,525 species labels (98.7 percent of all found in the insect database). These were grouped into 59,173 single-locus MOTUs by hierarchical clustering using parameters optimized independently for each locus. Species units from different loci were matched using a multi-partite matching algorithm. This formed multi-locus species units with minimal incongruence between loci. After matching, the insect database as represented by these 24 loci, was found to be composed of 78,091 species units in total. 38,574 of these units contained only species labeled data, 34,891 contained only unlabeled data, leaving 4,626 units composed both of labeled and unlabeled sequences. In addition to giving estimates of species diversity of databases, the protocol developed here will facilitate species level applications of modern day sequence datasets. In particular, the LxS matrix represents a post-taxonomic framework that can be used for species level organization of meta-genomic data. And incorporation of these methods into phylogenetic pipelines will yield matrices more representative of species diversity. This project was supported mainly by the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; the National Science Foundation, China; and partially supported by the Public Welfare Project from the Ministry of Agriculture, China and the Program of Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China. The full citation for the article is: A Protocol for Species Delineation of Public DNA Databases, Applied to the Insecta. Douglas Chesters; Chao-Dong Zhu. Systematic Biology 2014;doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syu038 Here are the free-access links to the online article: Abstract, PDF.

Chinese Wall of Ants – New wasp species protects its progeny with dead ants

Chinese Wall of Ants – New wasp species protects its progeny with dead ants

 

2014-07-04, from the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Recently, a new wasp species with a unique nest-construction behavior was discovered in South-East Chinese forests by an international research team from the University of Freiburg, the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin and the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. The “Antwall Wasp” protects its progeny with a nest-closing plug out of dead ants. A comparable behavior has not yet been reported from the entire animal kingdom. Scientists of a DFG funded research group ( www.bef-china.de ) belonging to the University of Freiburg, the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin and the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing discovered and described a new species from the family of spider wasps with a intriguing nest-construction behavior in the subtropical forests of South East China. The new species with the scientific name Deuteragenia ossarium closes its nest with a chamber full of dead ants, in order to protect its progeny from enemies. In spider wasps, every female usually constructs its own nest that consists of several cells. Each chamber is filled with a single spider that has previously been paralyzed by a sting and on which the larva feeds. The same is also true for the newly discovered “Antwall wasp”, which in contrast to all other known spider wasp species does not leave the last cell empty but does fill it up with dead ants. The scientists published their spectacular discovery in the latest issue of the international journal ?PLOS ONE“. The investigations of Michael Staab (University of Freiburg) and his colleagues show that the antwall is very effective in protecting the nest. The progeny of the “Antwall wasp” is far less frequently attacked by enemies when compared to other wasps from the same ecosystem. Most likely the unique antwall gives the nest of the wasp a similar smell than the nest of a well-fortified ant species and is thus avoided by natural enemies. The precise defense mechanism is still unclear and subject of recent research. Dipl. Biol. Michael Staab (Universit?t Freiburg): “Our discovery shows in an impressive way what fascinating strategies of nest protection have evolved in the animal kingdom. When I saw such an ant-filled chamber for the first time it reminded me on the ancient Great Wall of China. Just like the Great Wall protected the Chinese empire against attacks from raiding nomad tribes, the antwall protects in the newly-described wasp species the progeny against enemies” Prof. Dr. Alexandra-Maria Klein (Universit?t Freiburg): “Discovering a new species is one of the most exiting experiences of being a scientist. For this new species, it was the very unusual nest construction, which fascinated us immediately. This discovery raises new research questions. Answering them will help us to understand why species diversity is important for the functioning of ecosystems.” PD Dr. Michael Ohl (Museum für Naturkunde Berlin): “The enormous global diversity of wasps, bees and ants is full of surprises but what this particular species of spider wasp evolved is more than unusual. From the tens of thousands of nest-constructing wasp species no other species is known to protect its nest in a similar way.” Prof. Dr. Chao-Dong ZHU (Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences): “Traps were set up in several places in China to study native bee diversity and pollination functioning. Several scientists reported different taxa other than bees built their nests in traps. However, I have never seen antwall strategy. Michael found a fascinating new spider wasp species, which can kill and collect native ant species to protect its nests and children from predators or parasitoids. So, there should be some interactions between spider wasps, spiders, ants, vespids and parasitoids.” Original publication: Staab, M., Ohl, M., Zhu, C.D., Klein, A.M. 2014. A unique nest-protection strategy in a new species of spider wasp. PLOS ONE. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101592. The original publication is freely accessible online under the following link http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101592 Photo material:   Photo 1: Illustration of the unique nest-protection strategy of the new spider wasp Deuteragenia ossarium. (photo credits: Merten Ehmig) Photo 2: A female of the ?Antwall wasp“ in the natural ecosystem in China.(Photo credits: Merle Noack) Photo 3: The newly described wasp species is only known from the subtropical evergreen forests of South-east China.(Photo credits: Michael Staab)

Fellowship/Studentship

Are you interested in Hymenoptera systematics or plant-pollinator interactions?

With my lab members, I have been working on chalcid wasps and bees.

http://english.anisys.ioz.ac.cn/groups/zhuchaodong/introduction/

If you are interested in systematics, interactions between plant-pollinators or host-parasitoids, please find out if you are qualified for following scholarships/fellowships. You are most welcome to discuss potential collaborations and proposals with my colleagues and myself.

CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI):

http://english.bic.cas.cn/AF/Fe/201408/t20140807_125680.html

http://english.cas.cn/cooperation/fellowships/201503/P020150715547440270280.pdf

NSFC Research Fund for International Young Scientists:

http://www.nsfc.gov.cn/publish/portal2/tab161/info47945.htm

Any equipments to record insects automatically?

We have been monitoring insect species and dynamics with different sampling traps including malaise traps, nest traps and yellow pan-traps. Are there any approaches/equipments to record insects automatically? We would like to try them, if available for insect diversity or agriculture studies.

Thanks for your kind inputs.

cd in Beijing

Pollinator Initiatives/Networking Programs

Any information on the current initiatives or networking programs on pollinators?

We are involved in some projects to monitor pollinator diversity in China. So, we would like to know current initiatives or networking programs on pollinators, especially wild pollinator bees. We appreciate if you can provide us some information on manuals, protocols, initiatives and programs.

Pollen Species Delimitation

Identifying pollens based on both morphology and DNA sequences?

We are searching for manual on morphology of pollens. For DNA, are there any recent protocol to extract DNA from pollens? Can anyone provide some references on this?